Neuropathy

What is Neuropathy?

Peripheral neuropathy, a result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness, and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination, and circulation. Your peripheral nervous system sends information from your brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) to the rest of your body. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system. Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes, and exposure to toxins.

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected: • Gradual onset of numbness, prickling, or tingling in feet or hands • Sharp, jabbing, throbbing, or burning pain • Extreme sensitivity to touch • Pain during activities that shouldn't cause pain • Lack of coordination and falling • Muscle weakness • Feeling as if wearing gloves or socks when you're not • Paralysis if motor nerves are affected • Heat intolerance • Excessive sweating or inability to sweat • Bowel, bladder, or digestive problems • Changes in blood pressure

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may include: • Complete medical history • Neurological examination to check reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation • Blood tests to detect vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, immune function • Imaging tests (CT or MRI) to look for tumors or other abnormalities • Nerve function tests including electromyography (EMG) • Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies • Nerve biopsy to examine nerve tissue • Skin biopsy to check nerve fiber endings • Genetic testing if hereditary neuropathy suspected

Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing underlying condition and relieving symptoms: • Blood sugar management for diabetic neuropathy • Vitamin supplements for deficiencies • Medications: pain relievers, anti-seizure medications, antidepressants, topical treatments • Physical therapy to improve movement and strength • Occupational therapy for daily activity adaptations • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) • Plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin for inflammatory conditions • Surgery if neuropathy caused by nerve compression • Lifestyle changes: regular exercise, healthy diet, avoiding alcohol and smoking • Foot care to prevent complications

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